- General references on gender in mine action
- Gender sensitive budgeting
- Gender and programming cycle management
General References:
International Mine Action Standards (IMAS)
HYNES, P. (2003). War and Women. ZMag
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS, (2004) Addressing the needs of women affected by armed conflict, Women and War team, March 2004
OMARA-OTUNNU, ELIZABETH (1999) Nobelist Says Women, Children Suffer Most from Land Mines, Advance, University of Connecticut, November 29, 1999
MITCHELL, S. (2004) Incorporating Gender Perspectives into Mine Action. Literature Review produced for UNMAS
Gender sensitive budgeting
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What is Gender Sensitive Budgeting (GSB)?
Gender sensitive budgets are not separate budgets for women and men but are attempts to break down budgets according to their impact on women and men. The rationale is that where the needs are different, allocations have to be different.
Why is GSB important in mine action?
Due to budgets often being gender blind, they ignore the different effects of landmines on women, girls, boys and men and are thereby conducive to implicit dimensions of discrimination against either sex. By detailing all costs and
expenses in a sex and age disaggregated manner, budgets become a gender sensitive instrument clearly showing priorities and focus areas.
Gender mainstreaming activities, as all new initiatives and investments, may create extra costs. Gender mainstreaming activities need to be viewed as equally important as other costs traditionally linked to mine action, such as the introduction of new technical innovations.
The social cost of not mainstreaming gender, of not involving both women and men in mine action, has to be evaluated. Systematic exclusion of women and girls directly hinders an efficient mine action programming and produces damaging effects on development and advancement.
What are the costs of implementing GSB in mine action?
Most of the costs generated by gender mainstreaming are initial, one-time-costs. It is worth underlining is that not all gender mainstreaming initiatives bare costs. Sometimes it simply requires adjustments, rethinking or re-planning of ongoing mine action activities.
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Why having a gender sensitive mine action programming cycle?
Landmines hinder growth and harm development of affected communities. So do gender inequalities. Gender is a cross cutting issue in mine action programming: women, girls, boys and men are affected differently by landmines and best assisted in different ways. Failure to address gender issues in mine action can damage the effectiveness and sustainability of mine action projects and programmes, and unintentionally sustain or exacerbate existing disparities. Gender impacts the likelihood of becoming a victim of landmines, accessing medical care, reintegrating into society after being injured, and accessing mine risk education. It is therefore vital to gender sensitise the mine action programming cycle, taking gender differences and inequalities into account in the problem identification, objectives, strategies, resource allocation, implementation and evaluation phases.
Additional resources
BAD HONNEF FRAMEWORK, (1999). Guidelines for Development Oriented Mine Action Programs. Berlin, Germany: German Initiative to Ban Landmines
VICTOR, J. ESTEY, S., AND BURNS KNIERIM, H. Guidelines for the Socio-economic Reintegration of Landmine Survivors, World Rehabilitation Fund, and the United Nations Development Programme
UNITED NATIONS (2010). Gender Guidelines for Mine Action Programmes
- Sex and age disaggregated data
- Land release, clearance and demining
- Mine Risk Education (MRE) and awareness raising
Sex and age disaggregated data
More on GMAP interventions to come.
Additional resources:
BENELLI, GUPTA, MAZURANA, WALKER (2011) “Sex and age matter”, Improving Humanitarian Response in Emergencies”, Tufts University.
UNDP ARMENIAN HUMANITARIAN DEMINING PROJECT (2005). Landmine Impact Survey, Republic of Armenia
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (2000). Guidance for surveillance of injuries due to landmines and unexploded ordnance
HEDMAN, PERUCCI, SUBDSTROM (1996) “Engendering Statistics: A Tool for Change” Statistics Sweden
LAND RELEASE:
Effects of mixed teams in the land release process by Arianna Calza Bini, Nyske Janssen and Abigail Jones, The Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 18.1 │Spring 2014
GMAP and GICHD (2013) Handover of released land – Common procedures and good practices:
ENGLISH High Resolution Low Resolution
FRENCH High Resolution Low Resolution
ARABIC High Resolution Low Resolution
Additional resources:
International Mine Action Standards (IMAS):
- General Mine Action Assessment
- Land Release
- Non-technical Survey
- Technical Survey
- Post-clearance Documentation
- Marking of Hazards
ALERTNET (2003, 19 Dec) Photo Gallery: Cambodian women clear mines
BENINI, A., MOULTON, L., CONLEY, C., (2003) Landmines and Local Community Adaptation, Washington D.C. : Survey Action Centre
BOLTON, M.F.G., (2003). Who benefits from Mine Action? A case study of demining priorities in North West Cambodia using participatory methods. Thesis (Masters) University of Durham, UK.
BOTTOMLY, R., (2003). Crossing the Divide: Landmines, Villagers and Organisations Oslo, Norway: International Peace Research Institute.
CHANNEL NEWS ASIA, (2003) Tamil rebels training women in Sri Lanka to remove landmines
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (2005) Mine/UXO-awareness programmes and Women, 29/10/2002, Annual Report 2005
OGAN, MARTY, (2006), Nepal: Peace Delayed, Dying Continues, Kathmandu
MINES ADVISORY GROUP (MAG), (2003). About MAG. [online]. MAG UK
MURPHY, COLIN (2001) Banned landmines still wreck lives in Angola
TOWNSEND, J., (2003). Women Deminers in Croatia. Journal of Mine Action [online], 7(2)
MITCHELL, S., (2003) Gender Report. UXO Clearance and Community Development in Thua Thien Hue Province. Melbourne
Mine Risk Eduction (MRE)
Mine Risk Education (MRE) refers to activities which seek to reduce the risk of injury and death from mines and ERW by raising awareness and promoting behavioural change. However, within a community, women, girls, boys and men usually assume different gender roles and tasks that modify their exposure to mine and ERW. For this reason their needs in terms of MRE will vary and this must be taken into account at all stages of the MRE project cycle.
Gender sensitive MRE will first assess the different behaviours, attitudes and needs of girls, women, boys and men of a community and then ensure that the MRE message is delivered to the targeted audience, using adequate gender sensitive language, techniques and materials. Mine action organisations must guarantee a non discriminatory access to MRE offering sessions at appropriate times and locations. They must keep in mind that depending on their daily activities, girls, women, boys and men are not available at all times and that in some communities it could be appropriate to conduct separate sessions for women, children and men.
Gender sensitive MRE ensures that all members of a community are aware of the risks from mines and ERW, and are encouraged to behave in ways that reduce the risk to people, property and the environment. The overall objective is to reduce the risk to a level where women, girls, boys and men can live safely and social development can occur free from the constraints imposed by landmine contamination.
Additional resources:
International Mine Action Standards (IMAS), Mine/ERW Risk Education
ANDERSSON N., SWAMINATHAN, A., WHITAKER, C. and ROCHE M., (2004), Mine Smartness and the Community Voice in Mine-Risk Education: Lessons from Afghanistan and Angola. In: Future of Humanitarian Mine Action. Editor Kristian Berg Harpviken. London/Palgrave 2004
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE (DFAIT) and UK DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (DFID), (2002). Gender and the Conflict Phase, Presentation Outline [online]. Canada: DFAIT/DFID
DANCHURCHAID, (2003). DanChurchAid provides Angolan refugees with Mine Risk Education, DanChurchAid (DCA), 01 Aug 2003
RUBERRY, M., (2003). The Effects of Landmines on Women in the Middle East. Journal of Mine Action [online], 5 (3)
SAVE THE CHILDREN, (2000). Child Landmine Survivors: An Inclusive Approach to Policy and Practice [online]. London: International Save the Children Alliance.
- Gender-sensitive Recruitment & Training
- Training, recruitment and gender balanced employment
- Victim assistance
GMAP (2013) Gender-sensitive Recruitment and Training in Mine Action – Guidelines:
ENGLISH High Resolution Low Resolution
FRENCH High Resolution Low Resolution
ARABIC High Resolution Low Resolution
Additional resources:
BERTHIAUME, A., (2003). Gender and Landmines. Resource prepared for Youth Mine Action Ambassador Program, January 2003. Ottawa, Canada: International Campaign to Ban Landmines
DCAF (2012), Gender Training for the Security Sector: Lessons identified and practical resources
LINDSAY, C., (2001). Women Facing War. ICRC Study on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women. Geneva: ICRC
REUTERS, (2003, posted 6 May 2003). Landmines Make Spinsters of Young Afghan Girls. Women Peace and Security
WORLD REHABILITATION FUND & THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP). The Socio-Economic Reintegration of Landmine Survivors. Cambodia, Lebanon, Mozambique
Gender-sensitive Recruitment & Training
GMAP (2013) Gender-sensitive Recruitment and Training in Mine Action – Guidelines:
ENGLISH High Resolution Low Resolution
FRENCH High Resolution Low Resolution
ARABIC High Resolution Low Resolution
Additional resources:
BERTHIAUME, A., (2003). Gender and Landmines. Resource prepared for Youth Mine Action Ambassador Program, January 2003. Ottawa, Canada: International Campaign to Ban Landmines
DCAF (2012), Gender Training for the Security Sector: Lessons identified and practical resources
LINDSAY, C., (2001). Women Facing War. ICRC Study on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women. Geneva: ICRC
REUTERS, (2003, posted 6 May 2003). Landmines Make Spinsters of Young Afghan Girls. Women Peace and Security
WORLD REHABILITATION FUND & THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP). The Socio-Economic Reintegration of Landmine Survivors. Cambodia, Lebanon, Mozambique
Victim assistance
The Impact of Anti-Personnel Mines and Explosive Remnants of War on Women Victims in Colombia, Colombian Campaign to Ban Landmines, Geneva Call, GMAP, 2009
Additional resources:
BELTRAMI, SIMONA (2005), Women’s own struggle against landmines
GUNARATNAN, H.R., GUNARATNAN, S. and SOMASUNDARAM, D., (2003). The Psychosocial Effects of Landmines in Jaffna. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 19 (3)
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANISATION, (2003), In Focus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction
INTERNATIONAL PHYSICIANS FOR THE PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR WAR, (2000). Reporting the Consequences of Landmines to the Community and National Agencies. In IPPNW, Primary Care of Landmine Injuries in Africa. Boston , USA : IPPNW
LANDMINE ACTION (2003). Explosive Remnants of War. EWR in Sri Lanka. London, UK: Landmine Action/Co-operative Bank
MATTHEWS, S., (2000). Women in Conflict. Conflict trends 4/2000, ACCORD. Pretoria, South Africa: University of Pretoria
PAO DARA RASSMEY, (2005) Taking a Stand Against Landmines in My Village: A Locality Deminer’s Story, published by Mines Advisory Group
PRAK, SARY (2003), Cambodia: Chan Sovannarorn’s Story